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How Big Is a Baby Siberian Wolf How Far Can a Siberian Wolf Jump

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Species of carnivore

Maned wolf[ane]

Temporal range: 0.1–0 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N

↓

Late Pleistocene – Recent

Chrysocyon.brachyurus.jpg
Maned wolf in Cologne Zoo, Federal republic of germany

Conservation condition


Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[2]

CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Gild: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Genus: Chrysocyon
Smith, 1839
Species:

C. brachyurus

Binomial name
Chrysocyon brachyurus

(Illiger, 1815)
Maned Wolf area.png
Range of the maned wolf
Synonyms[4]

Canis brachyurus, C. campestris, C. isodactylus, C. jubatus, Vulpes cancrosa

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is a large canine of South America.[five] Its markings resemble those of foxes, but it is neither a fox nor a wolf. It is the merely species in the genus Chrysocyon (meaning "golden canis familiaris").

It is the largest canine in South America, weighing 20–30 kg (44–66 lb) and upward to 90 cm (35 in) at the withers. Its long, thin legs and dense reddish coat give it an unmistakable advent. The maned wolf is a crepuscular and omnivorous fauna adapted to the open environments of the South American savanna, with an of import role in the seed dispersal of fruits, especially the wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum). The maned wolf is a solitary animal. It communicates primarily by scent marker, simply also gives a loud call known as "roar-barking".

This mammal lives in open and semi-open up habitats, particularly grasslands with scattered bushes and trees, in the Cerrado of south, central-westward, and southeastern Brazil; Paraguay; northern Argentina; and Bolivia e and due north of the Andes,[half dozen] and far southeastern Peru (Pampas del Heath simply).[seven] Information technology is very rare in Uruguay, possibly being displaced completely through loss of habitat.[two] The International Matrimony for Conservation of Nature lists it as near threatened,[2] while it is considered a vulnerable species by the Brazilian Institute of Surroundings and Renewable Natural Resources. In 2011, a female maned wolf, run over past a truck, underwent stem cell treatment at the Zoo Brasília [pt], this being the first recorded case of the utilize of stem cells to heal injuries in a wild animal.[viii]

Etymology [edit]

The term maned wolf, as the Crin Wolf in Spanish, is an allusion to the mane of the nape. Information technology is known locally as aguará guazú (meaning "large fox" in the Guarani language), or kalak in the Toba Qom language, lobo de crin, lobo de los esteros, or lobo colorado, and lobo-guará in Brazil. The term lobo, "wolf", originates from the Latin lupus. Guará and aguará originated from tupi-guarani agoa'rá, "by the fuzz". It too is chosen borochi in Bolivia.[9]

Taxonomy [edit]

Although the maned wolf displays many play tricks-similar characteristics, information technology is not closely related to foxes. It lacks the elliptical pupils found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf'south evolutionary relationship to the other members of the canid family unit makes information technology a unique animal.

Electrophoretic studies did not link Chrysocyon with whatever of the other living canids studied. I conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the simply species among the large South American canids that survived the late Pleistocene extinction. Fossils of the maned wolf from the Holocene and the late Pleistocene take been excavated from the Brazilian Highlands.[ten]

A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the Falkland Islands wolf and with pseudo-foxes of the genus Pseudalopex.[11] I written report based on DNA evidence showed that the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the nearly closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that most seven million years ago information technology shared a common antecedent with that genus.[12] A 2015 written report reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction that took identify during Pleistocene interglaciations most 24,000 years before nowadays.[xiii]

The maned wolf is not closely related to canids constitute outside South America. It is not a fox, wolf, coyote or jackal, but a distinct canid; though, based only on morphological similarities, it previously had been placed in the Canis and Vulpes genera.[4] Its closest living relative is the bush-league dog (genus Speothos), and it has a more afar relationship to other S American canines (the short-eared dog, the crab-eating fox, and the zorros or Lycalopex).[fourteen]

Clarification [edit]

The species was described in 1815 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, initially as Canis brachyurus. Lorenz Oken classified it as Vulpes cancosa, and only in 1839 did Charles Hamilton Smith describe the genus Chrysocyon. Other authors later considered information technology as a member of the Canis genus.[5] Fossils of Chrysocyon dated from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs were nerveless in one of Peter Wilheim Lund expeditions to Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais (Brazil). The specimen is kept in the Southward American Collection of the Zoologisk Museum in Denmark. Since no other tape exists of fossils in other areas, the species is suggested to accept evolved in this geographic region.[5]

The maned wolf bears minor similarities to the red fob, although it belongs to a dissimilar genus. The boilerplate adult weighs 23 kg (51 lb) and stands 90 cm (35 in) alpine at the shoulder, and has a head-torso length of 100 cm (39 in), with the tail adding another 45 cm (eighteen in).[15] Its ears are big and long eighteen cm (vii.1 in).[xvi]

The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids; its long legs are likely an adaptation to the alpine grasslands of its native habitat.[17] Fur of the maned wolf may exist cherry-brownish to golden orange on the sides with long, black legs, and a distinctive black mane. The glaze is marked further with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile and typically is used to enlarge the wolf'southward profile when threatened or when displaying assailment. Melanistic maned wolves do be, just are rare. The first photograph of a black adult maned wolf was taken by a camera trap in northern Minas Gerais in Brazil in 2013.[eighteen] [19] [20]

The skull can be identified by its reduced carnassials, small upper incisors, and long canine teeth.[15] Like other canids, it has 42 teeth with the dental formula 3.1.4.two 3.one.4.3  × ii = 42. The maned wolf'southward rhinarium extends to the upper lip, similar to the bush-league dog, but its vibrissae are longer.[fifteen] The skull also features a prominent sagittal crest.

The maned wolf's footprints are similar to those of the dog, only accept disproportionately small plantar pads when compared to the well-opened digit marks.[21] [22] The dog has pads upwardly to 3 times larger than the maned wolf'due south footprint.[23] These pillows have a triangular shape.[23] The front footprints are 7–9 cm (two.8–three.5 in) long and v.5–vii cm (2.two–2.8 in) wide, and those of the hind feet are half-dozen.5–ix cm (2.half-dozen–3.5 in) long and 6.5–8.5 cm (2.6–three.3 in) wide.[23] Ane feature that differentiates the maned wolf'due south footprint from those of other South American canids is the proximal matrimony of the third and 4th digits.[15]

Genetics [edit]

Genetically, the maned wolf has 37 pairs of autosomes within diploid genes, with a karyotype similar to that of other canids. It has 76 chromosomes, and so cannot interbreed with other canids.[15] Evidence suggests that fifteen,000 years agone, the species suffered a reduction in its genetic variety, called the bottleneck event. Withal, its diversity is still greater than that of other canids.[24]

The maned wolf also is known for the distinctive olfactory property of its territory markings, which has earned it the nickname "skunk wolf".

Ecology and behavior [edit]

Hunting and territoriality [edit]

The maned wolf is a twilight animal, merely its activeness blueprint is more related to the relative humidity and temperature, like to that observed with the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). Peak activity occurs between viii and x am, and 8 and x pm.[25] On common cold or cloudy days, they can be active all day. The species is likely to use open fields for foraging and more airtight areas, such as riparian forests, to rest, peculiarly on warmer days.[15]

Unlike most big canids (such as the greyness wolf, the African hunting dog, or the dhole), the maned wolf is a solitary animal and does not form packs.[15] It typically hunts lone, ordinarily between sundown and midnight, rotating its large ears to listen for prey animals in the grass. Information technology taps the ground with a front foot to flush out the casualty and pounce to catch it.[sixteen] Information technology kills casualty by biting on the neck or back, and shaking the prey violently if necessary.[26]

Monogamous pairs may defend a shared territory around 30 km2 (12 sq mi), although outside of mating, the individuals may meet only rarely. The territory is crisscrossed by paths that they create every bit they patrol at night. Several adults may congregate in the presence of a plentiful food source, for instance, a fire-cleared patch of grassland that would leave pocket-sized vertebrate prey exposed while foraging.

Both female and male maned wolves employ their urine to communicate,[27] eastward.g. to marker their hunting paths or the places where they take buried hunted casualty.[26] The urine has a very distinctive odor, which some people liken to hops or cannabis. The responsible substance very likely is a pyrazine, which also occurs in both plants.[28] (At the Rotterdam Zoo, this smell once set up the police on a hunt for cannabis smokers.[28] [29]) The preferred habitat of the maned wolf includes grasslands, scrub prairies, and forests.

Reproduction and lifecycle [edit]

Their mating season ranges from November to Apr. Gestation lasts lx to 65 days, and a litter may accept from two to half-dozen black-furred pups, each weighing roughly 450 g (sixteen oz). Pups are fully grown when one year quondam. During that start yr, the pups rely on their parents for nutrient.[26]

Data on the maned wolf'due south estrus and reproductive cycle mainly come from captive animals, especially well-nigh convenance endocrinology.[30] Hormonal changes of maned wolves in the wild follow the same variation blueprint of those in captivity.[30] Females ovulate spontaneously, just some authors suggest that the presence of a male is of import for estrus consecration.[30]

Captive animals in the Northern Hemisphere brood between Oct and February and in the Southern Hemisphere betwixt Baronial and October. This indicates that photoperiod plays an important office in maned wolf reproduction, mainly due to the production of semen.[15] [xxx] Generally, one heat occurs per yr.[fifteen] The amount of sperm produced by the maned wolf is lower compared to those of other canids.[30]

Copulation occurs during the 4-day estrus menstruation, and is followed by upward to 15 minutes of sexual intercourse.[15] Courtship is similar to that of other canids, characterized by frequent approaches and anogenital investigation.[7]

Gestation lasts 60 to 65 days and a litter may have from two to vi pups. One litter of seven has been recorded.[15] Birthing has been observed in May in the Canastra Mountains, only data from captive animals suggest that births are concentrated between June and September.[24] The maned wolf reproduces with difficulty in the wild, with a high rate of baby bloodshed. Females tin can go up to two years without breeding.[30] Breeding in captivity is even more difficult, particularly in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.[xxx]

Pups are born weighing between 340 and 430 grams. They begin their lives with black fur, becoming red later on 10 weeks.[xv] The optics open at about ix days of age.[15] They are nursed up to 4 months. Subsequently, they are fed by their parents past regurgitation, starting on the third week of age and lasting up to 10 months.[31] [7] Iii-month-former pups begin to accompany their mother while she forages.[31] Males and females both engage in parental care, simply it is primarily done by the females.[31] Data on male parental care have been collected from captive animals, and footling is known whether this occurs ofttimes in the wild.[7] Maned wolves reach sexual maturity at 1 yr of age, when they leave their birth territory.[7]

The maned wolf's longevity in the wild is unknown, but estimates in captivity are between 12 and 15 years.[fifteen] A report was made of an individual at the São Paulo Zoo that lived to be 22 years old.[24]

Diet [edit]

Fruit of the wolf apple, one of the chief found foods of the maned wolf

The maned wolf is omnivorous. It specialises in preying on small and medium-sized animals, including small mammals (typically rodents and rabbits), birds, and even fish,[32] [26] simply a big portion of its diet (more than than l%, according to some studies) is vegetable matter, including sugarcane, tubers, and fruit.[33] Up to 301 food items have been recorded in the maned wolf's diet, including 116 plants and 178 animal species.[30]

The maned wolf hunts by chasing its casualty, digging holes, and jumping to catch birds in flying. About 21% of hunts are successful.[7] Some authors take recorded active pursuits of the Pampas deer.[31] They were also observed feeding on carcasses of run down animals.[seven] Fecal analysis has shown consumption of the giant anteater, bush dog, and collared peccary, only whether these animals are actively hunted or scavenged is non known.[24] [31] Armadillos are besides commonly consumed.[30] Animals are more than oftentimes consumed in the dry season.[fifteen] [33]

The wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum), a tomato-like fruit, is the maned wolf'south most mutual nutrient particular. With some exceptions, these fruits brand upwardly between 40 and 90% of the maned wolf'southward diet.[15] [31] [33] [34] The wolf apple is actively sought by the maned wolf, and is consumed throughout the year, unlike other fruits that can only be eaten in abundance during the rainy season.[31] [33] It can swallow several fruits at a fourth dimension and disperse intact seeds past defecating, making it an splendid disperser of the wolf apple tree plant.[31]

Despite their preferred habitat, maned wolves are ecologically flexible and can survive in disturbed habitats, from burned areas to places with high human being influences. Burned areas have some small mammals, such as hairy-tailed bolo mouse (Necromys lasiurus) and vesper mouse (Calomys spp.) that they can hunt and survive on.[35]

Historically, convict maned wolves were fed meat-heavy diets, only that caused them to develop bladder stones. Zoo diets for them now characteristic fruits and vegetables, equally well as meat and specialized extruded diet formulated for maned wolves to exist depression in stone-causing compounds (i.e. cystine).

Relations with other species [edit]

The maned wolf participates in symbiotic relationships. It contributes to the propagation and dissemination of the plants on which information technology feeds, through excretion. Often, maned wolves defecate on the nests of leafcutter ants. The ants and so use the dung to fertilize their fungus gardens, just they discard the seeds contained in the dung onto decline piles just outside their nests. This process significantly increases the germination charge per unit of the seeds.

Maned wolves endure from ticks, mainly of the genus Amblyomma, and by flies such equally Cochliomyia hominivorax ordinarily on the ears.[36] Interestingly, the maned wolf is poorly parasitized by fleas. The sharing of territory with domestic dogs results in a number of diseases, such every bit rabies virus, parvovirus, distemper virus, canine adenovirus, protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, bacterium Leptospira interrogans, and nematode Dirofilaria immitis.[37] [36] The maned wolf is peculiarly susceptible to potentially fatal infection past the giant kidney worm. Ingestion of the wolf apple could prevent maned wolves from contracting this nematode, but such a hypothesis has been questioned past several authors.[38]

Its predators are mainly large cats, such as the puma (Puma concolor) and the jaguar (Panthera onca), merely it is virtually oftentimes preyed upon past the jaguar.[39]

Humans [edit]

Generally, the maned wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, so it poses little direct threat to humans. Popularly, the maned wolf is thought to take the potential of being a chicken thief. It once was considered a similar threat to cattle and sheep, although this now is known to be false.

Historically, in a few parts of Brazil, these animals were hunted for some body parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to be practiced-luck charms. Since its classification every bit a vulnerable species by the Brazilian government, it has received greater consideration and protection.

They are threatened by habitat loss and beingness run over by automobiles. Feral and domestic dogs pass on diseases to them, and have been known to attack them.

The species occurs in several protected areas, including the national parks of Caraça and Emas in Brazil. The maned wolf is well represented in captivity, and has been bred successfully at many zoos,[xl] peculiarly in Argentine republic, Due north America (part of a Species Survival Plan) and Europe (office of a European Endangered Species Programme). In 2012, a total of 3,288 maned wolves were kept at more 300 institutions worldwide.[41] The Smithsonian National Zoo Park has been working to protect maned wolves for nearly xxx years, and coordinates the collaborative, interzoo maned wolf Species Survival Plan of North America, which includes convenance maned wolves, studying them in the wild, protecting their habitat, and educating people virtually them.[16]

Conservation [edit]

The maned wolf is non considered an endangered species by the IUCN considering of its wide geographical distribution and adaptability to man-made environments. But their populations have been declining and the species may exist in some threat category soon, then the IUCN classifies it equally a nearly-threatened species. This is mostly due to human activities. Human activities like deforestation, increasing traffic in highways resulting in roadkills and urban growth, populations and habitats of the maned wolf are on reject(Vergara-Wilson et al., 2021, p. 51). Besides, due to a subtract in their habitat, they migrate to urban regions looking for easier access to nutrient which increases their contact with domestic animals, increasing the risk of infectious and parasitic diseases amongst the wolves, leading to expiry(Garcia et al., 2020, p. i). Until 1996 the maned wolf was a vulnerable species by the IUCN. It is also listed in CITES Appendix Two, which regulates international trade in the species.[24] The ICMBio listing in Brazil that follows the same IUCN criteria considers the wolf to be a vulnerable species.[42] [43] By these aforementioned criteria, the Brazilian state lists also consider it more problematic: it is a vulnerable species in the lists of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, while in the lists of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande practise Sul the maned wolf is considered every bit "endangered" and "critically endangered" respectively.[43] [44] In Uruguay, although at that place is no such list as Brazil and IUCN, information technology is regarded as a species with "priority" for conservation. In Argentina information technology is not considered to be in critical danger, merely it is recognized that its populations are declining and are fragmented.[45] The situation of the maned wolf in Bolivia[46] and Paraguay[47] is uncertain. Even with these uncertainties the maned wolf is protected against hunting in all countries.[7]

In human cultures [edit]

Human attitudes and opinions about the maned wolf vary across populations, ranging from fright and tolerance to aversion. In some regions of Brazil, parts of the animal's body are believed to assist cure bronchitis, kidney disease, and even ophidian bites. It is also believed to bring good luck.[7] These parts can be teeth, the centre, ears, and even dry stools.[44] In Bolivia, mounting a saddle made of maned wolf leather is believed to protect from bad luck. Despite these superstitions, no big-scale use of parts of this animal occurs.[vii]

In urban societies in Brazil, people tend to be sympathetic to the maned wolf, seeing no value in it as a hunting creature or pest. They ofttimes consider its preservation to be important, and although these societies associate information technology with force and ferocity, they exercise not consider it a dangerous animal.[44] Although popular in some places and common in many zoos, it can go unnoticed. Studies in zoos in Brazil showed that up to 30% of respondents were either unaware or unable to recognize a maned wolf.[7]

It was considered a common creature by the Guarani people, and the first names used by Europeans, such every bit the Castilian Jesuit missionary Joseph of Anchieta, were the same used by the native peoples (yaguaraçú).[30] Spanish naturalist Felix de Azara also used the Guarani name to describe it and was one of the commencement to depict the biology of the species and consider it an important part of Paraguay'south fauna.[44] Much of the negative view of the maned wolf as a poultry predator stems from European ethnocentrism, where peasants oftentimes had bug with wolves and foxes.[30]

The maned wolf rarely causes antipathy in the homo populations of the places in which information technology lives, and so it has been used equally a flag species for the preservation of the Brazilian cerrado.[30] It is represented on the 200-reais banknote, released in September 2020.[48] It has also been represented on the 100-cruzeiros reais money, which circulated in Brazil betwixt 1993 and 1994.[49]

Gallery [edit]

  • Maned wolf pup

  • ManedWolf4.jpg

  • Maned wolf-aguara guazu.jpeg

  • Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg

  • Maned wolf middle

  • Lobo Guará andando.jpg

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Bandeira de Melo, L. F., M. A. Lima Sábato, E. M. Vaz Magni, R. J. Young, C. 1000. Coelho (Jan 2007). "Secret lives of maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815): as revealed by GPS tracking collars". Periodical of Zoology, 271(1). pp. 27–36. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00176.x.
  • Garcia, D., Estrela, G. C., Soares, R. T. G., Paulino, D., Jorge, A. T., Rodrigues, Chiliad. A., Sasahara, T. H., & Honsho, C. (2020). "A study on the morphoquantitative and cytological characteristics of the bulbar conjunctiva of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus; Illiger, 1815)". Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 1. doi:ten.1111/ahe.12647.
  • Vergara-Wilson, V., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Sanchez, C. R., Abarca, M. J., Navarro, C., Celis-Diez, South., Soto-Guerrero, P., Diaz-Ayala, N., Zordan, M., Cifuentes-Ramos, F., & Cabello-Stom, J. (2021). "Canine Distemper Outbreak past Natural Infection in a Group of Vaccinated Maned Wolves in Captivity". Pathogens, ten(1), 51. doi:10.3390/pathogens10010051.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolf

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